GW- BASIC User's Guideabend. An acronym for abnormal end of task. An abend is the termination of computer processing on a job or task prior to its completion because of an error condition that cannot be resolved by programmed recovery procedures. The process of seeking, reading, or writing data on a storage unit.
Techniques and programs used to move data between main memory and input/output devices. The degree of freedom from error. Accuracy is often confused with precision, which refers to the degree of preciseness of a measurement. A word formed by the initial letters of words or by initial letters plus parts of several words. Acronyms are widely used in computer technology.
For example, COBOL is an acronym for COmmon Business Oriented Language. A section of the computer's memory that houses the operating system being used.
A name, label, or number identifying a register, location or unit where information is stored. A language whose statements are structured to resemble the structure of algebraic expression. Fortran is a good example of an algebraic language.
A set of well- defined rules or procedures to be followed in order to obtain the solution of a problem in a finite number of steps. An algorithm can involve arithmetic, algebraic, logical and other types of procedures and instructions. An algorithm can be simple or complex. However, all algorithms must produce a solution within a finite number of steps. Algorithms are fundamental when using a computer to solve problems, because the computer must be supplied with a specific set of instructions that yields a solution in a reasonable length of time.
Data representation by alphabetical characters in contrast to numerical; the letters of the alphabet. A contraction of the words alphabetic and numeric; a set of characters including letters, numerals, and special symbols. The system or problem to which a computer is applied.
Reference is often made to an application as being either of the computational type, in which arithmetic computations predominate, or of the data processing type, in which data handling operations predominate. A computer program designed to meet specific user needs. A type of variable whose value is not a direct function of another variable.
It can represent the location of a number in a mathematical operation, or the number with which a function works to produce its results. A known reference factor that is required to find a desired item (function) in a table. For example, in the square root function SQRT(X), X is the argument.
The value of X determines the square root value returned by this function. An organized collection of data in which the argument is positioned before the function. A group of items or elements in which the position of each item or element is significant. A multiplication table is a good example of an array.
ASCIIAcronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. ASCII is a standardized 8- bit code used by most computers for interfacing. ASCII was developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). It uses 7 binary bits for information and the 8th bit for parity purposes. A computer program that produces a machine- language program which may then be directly executed by the computer. A symbolic language that is machine- oriented rather than problem- oriented. A program in an assembly language is converted by an assembler to a machine- language program.
Introduction to Conditions and Looping. DO's and END's when WHILE loops are nested: WHILE.
Symbols representing storage locations are converted to numerical storage locations; symbolic operation codes are converted to numeric operation codes. Not having a regular time or clocked relationship. See synchronous. A type of computer operation in which a new instruction is initiated when the former instruction is completed.
Thus, there is no regular time schedule, or clock, with respect to instruction sequence. The current instruction must be complete before the next is begun, regardless of the length of time the current instruction takes. A way of transmitting data serially from one device to another, in which each transmitted character is preceded by a start bit and followed by a stop bit.
Blast Off With BASIC Appendix A. Combines two BASIC programs. It will then loop back up to the “while” statement. The above syntax is based on the language Basic.) This for loop means. What is a Nested Loop? Nested loops are a common part of most computer programs but can also be found in many situations where. The most basic loop is just. QBasic/Full Book View. You can follow the same procedure for the rest of the example programs in this wikibook. INKEY$ will appear nested in a loop. Gentle introduction to programming using Quick Basic. Programmed Lessons in QBasic. Copy the example programs into QBasic, run them. Nested IF-THEN-ELSE-END IF. The THEN part and the ELSE part, if any, can contain one or more IF-THEN-ELSE-END IF statement in one of the three forms.
Nested for loop in qbasic News: Instructions for creating Android Apps: http:// Programs (.BAS), Tutorials and Libraries.
This is also called start/stop transmission. A second copy of data on a diskette or other medium, ensuring recovery from loss or destruction of the original media. On- site or remote equipment available to complete an operation in the event of primary equipment failure. BASICAcronym for Beginner's All- purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. BASIC is a computer programming language developed at Dartmouth College as an instructional tool in teaching fundamental programming concepts. This language has since gained wide acceptance as a time- sharing language and is considered one of the easiest programming languages to learn. A method of operating a computer so that a single program or set of related programs must be completed before the next type of program is begun.
A unit of measurement of data processing speed. The speed in bauds is the number of signal elements per second. Since a signal element can represent more than one bit, baud is not synonymous with bits- per- second. Typical baud rates are 1.
A characteristic or property involving a choice or condition in which there are two possibilities. A numbering system which uses 2 as its base instead of 1. The binary system uses only two digits, 0 and 1, in its written form. A device whose design uses only two possible states or levels to perform its functions.
A computer executes programs in binary form. A quantity which is expressed in the binary digits of 0 and 1. A contraction of . A bit can either be 0 or 1, and is the smallest unit of information recognizable by a computer. An amount of storage space or data, of arbitrary length, usually contiguous, and often composed of several similar records, all of which are handled as a unit. A field of mathematical analysis in which comparisons are made.
A pro- grammed instruction can cause a comparison of two fields of data, and modify one of those fields or another field as a result of comparison. This system was formulated by British mathematician George Boole (1. Some boolean operators are OR, AND, NOT, XOR, EQV, and IMP. A machine procedure that allows a system to begin operations at the desired level by means of its own initiation.
The first few instructions are loaded into a computer from an input device. These instructions allow the rest of the system to be loaded. The word boot is abbreviated from the word bootstrap. Bits per second. buffer. A temporary storage area from which data is transferred to or from various devices. A real- time clock that lets your programs use the time of day and date. Built into MS- DOS, it lets you set the timing of a program.
It can be used to keep a personal calendar, and it automatically measures elapsed time. An element of data which is composed of eight data bits plus a parity bit, and represents either one alphabetic or special character, two decimal digits, or eight binary bits. Byte is also used to refer to a sequence of eight binary digits handled as a unit. It is usually encoded in the ASCII format. A series of numbers and mathematical signs that, when entered into a computer, is executed according to a series of instructions.
CPU)The heart of the computer system, where data is manipulated and calculations are performed. The CPU contains a control unit to interpret and execute the program and an arithmetic- logic unit to perform computations and logical processes. It also routes information, controls input and output, and temporarily stores data. The use of a pointer in a record to indicate the address of another record logically related to the first. Any single letter of the alphabet, numeral, punctuation mark, or other symbol that a computer can read, write, and store. Character is synonymous with the term byte.
COBOLAcronym for COmmon Business- Oriented Language, a computer language suitable for writing complicated business applications programs. It was developed by CODASYL, a committee representing the U. Department of Defense, certain computer manufacturers, and major users of data processing equipment.
COBOL is designed to express data manipulations and processing problems in English narrative form, in a precise and standard manner. To write instructions for a computer system. To classify data according to arbitrary tables.
To use a machine language. To programcommand. A pulse, signal, word, or series of letters that tells a computer to start, stop, or continue an operation in an instruction. Command is often used incorrectly as a synonym for instruction.
A description of data, programs or equipment that can be used between different kinds of computers or equipment. A computer program that translates a program written in a problem- oriented language into a program of instructions similar to, or in, the language of the computer. A geographically dispersed configuration of computer equipment connected by communication lines and capable of load sharing, distributive processing, and automatic communication between the computers within the network. To join together data sets, such as files, in a series to form one data set, such as one new file.
The term concatenate literally means . In software, the total of the software modules and their interrelationships.
A never- changing value or data item. A microprocessor device connected to a central microprocessor that per- forms specialized computations (such as floating- point arithmetic) much more efficiently than the CPU alone. A blinking line or box on a computer screen that indicates the next location for data entry.
A general term used to signify all the basic information elements that can be produced or processed by a computer. See information. data element. The smallest named physical data unit. A collection of related data records organized in a specific manner.
Data files contain computer records which contain information, as opposed to containing data handling information or a program.
What is a Nested Loop? It is characterized by two or more repeating statements that are placed in a . It is an efficient and in most cases relatively simple way for coders and programmers to cause sequential events and actions that build upon each other through an interrelated series of commands and signal switchbacks.
Nested loops are a common part of most computer programs but can also be found in many situations where technology intersects with the presentation of some sort of information. Why It’s Used. Looping is a powerful construct in programming as it allows rapid sorting or insertion of large amounts of data in an efficient way. Solving problems in the business world, for instance, or in manufacturing, often involves repeating an action over and over with hundreds, thousands, or even millions of individual pieces of data. As a resuly, loops are frequently used constructs in all kinds of computer programs in all types of industries.
Relationship Between Loops. The outer loop and any and all inner loops are related to each other in important ways. Not only are they connected, but they also take signals from each other and depend on each other for the translation and completion of various signals and digital tasks. The specifics tend to vary depending on application, but near constant communication is almost always a given. In most cases the outer loop is what causes the inner loop to execute. The inner loop then repeats for as many times as is specified in the code or command materials.
When the inner loop completes, the outer loop is executed for its second iteration, triggering the inner loop again, and so on until the requirements for the outer loop are complete. Many computer programmers work in Structured Query Language (SQL), and nesting is of particular relevance in these cases. It essentially provides a means through which a person can quickly and efficiently search data in two linked tables. An outer loop is used to read the first table, one row of data at a time; then the data required to search the second table is passed to the inner loop, which reads the second table. As a result, the loop can process two linked tables in an efficient manner. Most of the time this all happens almost instantaneously.
Different Levels. The most basic loop is just two levels, though things can and often do get much more complicated. More than two loops can be nested, and they can go as deep as required to get a given job done.
An easy way for many people to visualize the concept is by analogy to a car odometer. Imagining the leftmost digit of the odometer as the outermost loop is the best way for people to get started; from there, each successive digit can be considered another loop, each within the other, until one reaches the rightmost digit, which represents the innermost nested loop. In most cases, the more nesting there is, the more complex the underlying code or command. How Loops Are Set Up. The exact looping process and initial structuring varies between programming languages.
In SQL, for example, a programmer may script these structures and execute them either as a server nested loop that is called remotely or as one on a client machine that is executed locally. In order to use these powerful structures effectively, it is necessary to take into consideration both the language used by the program and the database or other backend that is being queried for the data.